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BPC-157 TB-500 References and the Cited Record

The complete citation list behind this digest — per-component preclinical studies, recent reviews, and the FDA compounding sources for the access record.

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How this register works

These are the preclinical research citations and regulatory sources behind every quantitative claim on this site. Citations 1-13 cover the per-component preclinical and review literature on BPC-157 and TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4. Citations 14-16 are the FDA sources behind the 503A compounding and access record on the legal-status page. Each entry carries a DOI or a PubMed/FDA URL so any claim can be traced to its source. Where a study used full-length Thymosin Beta-4 rather than the TB-500 7-mer, the digest says so — the identity distinction is part of the honest record.

  1. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  3. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004. ↗
  4. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012. ↗
  5. Chang CH, et al. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110:774-780. ↗
  6. Novinscak T, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as an effective therapy for muscle crush injury in the rat. Surg Today. 2008;38:716-725. ↗
  7. Tokura Y, et al. Muscle injury-induced thymosin beta4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. J Biochem. 2011. ↗
  8. Xiong Y, et al. Thymosin beta4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rats. Regul Pept. 2013. ↗
  9. Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012. ↗
  10. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
  11. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  12. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  13. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats. Pharmaceutics. 2025. ↗
  14. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public calendar listing BPC-157 and TB-500 as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List (scheduled discussion, not a decision). ↗
  15. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Definitions of Category 1 and Category 2 and the 503A/503B compounding and bulks-list framework. ↗
  16. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Category 2 entries for BPC-157 and for 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500,' effective with the September 29, 2023 update. ↗